Squalane is a saturated hydrocarbon that is derived from squalene by hydrogenation. Squalene, an unsaturated oil, is naturally produced by the human body and is also found in various plant and animal sources, but it is unstable and prone to oxidation, hence the saturated form, squalane is preferred in cosmetic formulations because of its stability [1]. The cosmetic grade of squalane is typically sourced from plants like olives or sugarcane, or historically from shark liver oil but with increasing concern for animal welfare and sustainability, plant-derived sources are favored [2].

The production of squalane generally involves several steps. Squalene is first extracted from its source, which may involve solvent extraction or other methods depending on the raw material [3]. After extraction, the squalene is purified to remove impurities and unwanted components. The purified squalene then undergoes hydrogenation, a chemical process where hydrogen is added to saturate the double bonds, converting it to squalane. The final squalane product is refined to meet the required purity standards for cosmetic use [4].

Squalane functions primarily as an emollient and moisturizer. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin by reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL), creating a barrier that prevents moisture from escaping [5]. Squalane is also non-comedogenic, meaning it does not clog pores, making it suitable for various skin types, including oily and acne-prone skin [6]. Furthermore, due to its antioxidant properties, squalane can protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radical damage [7].

Squalane is a versatile ingredient used in a wide array of cosmetic products. It can be found in facial moisturizers, serums, lotions, and creams, where it provides hydration and a smooth texture. It is also used in hair care products, such as conditioners and hair oils, to add shine and reduce frizz [8]. Additionally, squalane is incorporated into makeup formulations like foundations and lipsticks to improve their texture and spreadability [9].

Squalane is typically packaged in airtight containers to prevent contamination and maintain its stability. These containers are often made of materials like glass or high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which are inert and do not react with the oil [10]. During transportation, the containers are protected from extreme temperatures and physical damage to ensure the product arrives in good condition. It should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to prolong its shelf life [11].

Citations

[1] Huang, Z. R., Lin, Y. K., & Fang, J. Y. (2009). Biological and pharmacological activities of squalene and related compounds: potential uses in cosmetic dermatology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10(1), 430-454.
[2] Karim, A. A., Bhat, R., & Swamy, G. K. (2022). Squalene: A review on sources, isolation, and industrial applications. Journal of Oleo Science, 71(7), 823-835.
[3] Ekinci, M., & Gümüş, Z. P. (2020). Olive oil extraction technologies. In Olive Oil-Constituents, Quality, Health Properties and Bioconversions. IntechOpen.
[4] Jung, S. K., Oh, S. G., & Lee, S. (2018). Hydrogenation of squalene to squalane over Pt/C catalyst in supercritical carbon dioxide. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 133, 612-618.
[5] Boucetta, K. E., Charrouf, Z., Derouiche, A., Rahali, Y., & Bennani, L. (2009). Skin hydration effect of argan oil. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015.
[6] Draelos, Z. D. (2018). The science behind skin care: moisturizers. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(2), 138-144.
[7] Pinnell, S. R. (2003). Cutaneous photodamage, oxidative stress, and topical antioxidant protection. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 48(1), 1-19.
[8] Gavazzoni Dias, M. F. R. (2015). Hair cosmetics: an overview. International Journal of Trichology, 7(1), 2-15.
[9] Schlossman, M. L., & Deckner, G. E. (2009). The chemistry and manufacture of cosmetics. Allured Pub.
[10] Yam, K. L. (2009). The Wiley encyclopedia of packaging technology. John Wiley & Sons.
[11] Ash, M., & Ash, I. (2004). Handbook of cosmetic and personal care additives. Synapse Information Resources.

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