Product Introduction

PEG-100 Stearate is an ester of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and stearic acid, exhibiting a white to yellowish waxy solid appearance, and it functions primarily as a surfactant and emulsifier in cosmetic formulations [1]. This ingredient is synthesized by reacting stearic acid with polyethylene glycol, specifically PEG with an average molecular weight corresponding to approximately 100 ethylene glycol units, resulting in a compound that effectively bridges oil and water phases in emulsions, and moreover, the “100” in its name signifies the average number of ethylene oxide units in the polyethylene glycol portion of the molecule [2]. Its utility in cosmetics stems from its capacity to stabilize mixtures of oil and water, providing a smooth texture and consistent application properties in creams, lotions, and other personal care products, which is why it is a frequently used ingredient [3].

Production Process

The production of PEG-100 Stearate generally involves an esterification reaction between stearic acid and polyethylene glycol-100. Initially, stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid commonly derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, is reacted with PEG-100 in the presence of a catalyst, this catalyst often being an acid such as sulfuric acid or an enzyme like lipase to facilitate the reaction [4]. The reaction is typically conducted at elevated temperatures, usually between 150°C and 220°C, under controlled conditions to ensure complete esterification while minimizing the formation of by-products, these by-products might affect the product’s purity and performance [5]. Following the esterification, the mixture is then neutralized, washed to remove residual reactants and catalysts, and purified through processes like filtration or distillation, after purification, the final product undergoes quality control testing to meet required specifications for parameters such as purity, acid value, and saponification value [6].

Efficacy and Function

PEG-100 Stearate functions primarily as an emulsifier in cosmetic formulations, facilitating the blending of oil and water-based ingredients to create stable and homogenous mixtures, preventing separation and ensuring consistent product texture [7]. As a surfactant, PEG-100 Stearate reduces the surface tension between liquids, allowing for improved dispersion of ingredients and enhanced product application on the skin, and because of its properties, it also contributes to the texture and feel of cosmetic products, providing a smooth and luxurious sensation upon application, which is beneficial in many skin lotions [8]. Additionally, it can act as a cleansing agent by assisting in the removal of oil and dirt from the skin through emulsification, making it a versatile ingredient in various cosmetic and personal care products [9].

Application Scenarios

PEG-100 Stearate is widely utilized across a variety of cosmetic and personal care products, acting as an emulsifier and surfactant in creams and lotions to stabilize formulations and improve texture, it's frequently incorporated into facial moisturizers, body lotions, and sunscreen products where its emulsifying properties help maintain a consistent and uniform texture [10]. In the realm of cleansers, including facial washes and makeup removers, PEG-100 Stearate aids in the effective removal of oils and impurities from the skin, supporting thorough cleansing action, and furthermore, it is employed in hair care products such as conditioners and hair serums to enhance product stability and provide a smooth feel to the hair [11]. Its stabilizing and emulsifying capabilities also find application in color cosmetics like foundations and concealers, ensuring even distribution of pigments and a consistent application [12].

Packaging and Transportation

PEG-100 Stearate is generally packaged in polyethylene bags or fiber drums with polyethylene liners to prevent contamination and moisture absorption, and the packaging size typically ranges from 25 kg to 50 kg depending on manufacturer specifications and customer requirements, with careful sealing to maintain product integrity during storage and transit [13]. During transportation, PEG-100 Stearate should be stored in a cool, dry environment away from direct sunlight and heat sources to prevent degradation or melting, and it is important to adhere to standard transportation regulations for chemical substances, including proper labeling, documentation, and handling procedures, so that safety is ensured [14]. Moreover, the material safety data sheet (MSDS) should be readily available during transportation to provide necessary safety information and emergency response guidelines, following these careful steps will maintain the quality of the material [15].

Citations

[1] International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary & Handbook. (n.d.). PEG-100 Stearate.
[2] Fiume, M. Z., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., … & Heldreth, B. (2005). Final report of the safety assessment of PEG-6, -8, -12, -20, -32, -40, -75, -150 Stearate. International Journal of Toxicology, 24(Supplement 2), 85-118.
[3] Personal Care Products Council. (n.d.). Function and Ingredient Information: PEG-100 Stearate.
[4] Römpp Online. (n.d.). Stearic acid.
[5] Hansen, L. K., & Clausen, L. (2000). Polyethylene glycols and their derivatives—toxicological aspects. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 23(4), 507-540.
[6] Ash, M., & Ash, I. (2004). Handbook of preservatives. Synapse Information Resources.
[7] Loden, M., & Wessman, W. (2001). The influence of a cream containing 20% urea and 4% sodium chloride on the barrier function of dry skin. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 23(1), 45-50.
[8] Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
[9] Proksch, E., Brandner, J. M., & Jensen, J. M. (2008). The skin as an organ of protection against environmental stressors. Experimental Dermatology, 17(12), 1063-1075.
[10] Fluhr, J. W., Darlenski, R., Surber, C., Simon, J. C., & Elsner, P. (2008). Functional composition of the skin surface concerning moisturization. Current Problems in Dermatology, 36, 1-15.
[11] Gavazzoni Dias, M. F. R. (2015). Hair cosmetics: an overview. International Journal of Trichology, 7(1), 2-15.
[12] Schlossman, M. L. (2009). The chemistry and manufacture of cosmetics. Allured Pub. Corp.
[13] European Chemicals Agency. (n.d.). Information on registered substances: PEG-100 Stearate.
[14] United Nations. (2019). Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods: Model regulations.
[15] Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets.

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