Lactic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that is commonly found in cosmetic formulations, because of its versatile properties. It is an organic acid that contains a hydroxyl group adjacent to the carboxyl group. The molecule can exist in two forms, L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, which are stereoisomers, differing in their spatial arrangement. The L form is the naturally occurring isomer in humans.
The production of lactic acid typically involves either fermentation or chemical synthesis, to meet demand. Fermentation processes utilize bacteria, such as Lactobacillus species, to convert carbohydrates like glucose or sucrose into lactic acid, in a controlled environment [1]. The fermentation broth undergoes purification steps, which include filtration, evaporation, and crystallization, to isolate lactic acid. Chemical synthesis involves the reaction of acetaldehyde with hydrogen cyanide, followed by hydrolysis.
As an AHA, lactic acid has several key functions in skincare products. It exfoliates the skin by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, which promotes cell turnover thereby resulting in smoother, and brighter skin [2]. It also functions as a humectant, drawing moisture from the environment into the skin, which helps to hydrate the skin [3]. Moreover, it helps to adjust the pH of cosmetic formulations, to ensure optimal performance and compatibility with the skin.
Lactic acid is included in a wide array of cosmetic products. It is often found in facial cleansers, toners, and serums, which are designed to exfoliate and rejuvenate the skin, because of its mild action [4]. In moisturizers and creams, lactic acid helps maintain skin hydration and improve texture. It is also used in chemical peels, at higher concentrations, for more intensive exfoliation, which should be administered by professionals to avoid any adverse effects. Lactic acid's ability to regulate pH makes it a valuable ingredient in various formulations, ensuring that the product is gentle on the skin.
Lactic acid is typically packaged in plastic drums or containers, depending on the quantity being shipped. Transportation requires adherence to regulations that govern the transportation of chemicals, to ensure safety and prevent leakage, or damage [5]. The material should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight, and heat to maintain its stability and efficacy, throughout its shelf life.
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