Product Introduction

Diglycerin is a hygroscopic, colorless to light yellow viscous liquid, that is created through the polymerization of glycerin [1]. It consists primarily of a mixture of glycerol dimers, along with smaller amounts of oligomers [2]. Diglycerin is valued in the cosmetic industry due to its humectant properties, which contribute to skin hydration [3]. It helps to retain moisture, improving the overall feel of cosmetic formulations [4].

Production Process

The production of diglycerin typically involves the polymerization of glycerin under controlled conditions [5]. This process often uses heat and a catalyst to promote the formation of ether linkages between glycerol molecules [6]. The reaction mixture is then purified to remove unreacted glycerin and other byproducts, resulting in a product with a defined diglycerin content [7]. Different manufacturing techniques can influence the final composition and purity of the diglycerin, with some processes optimized to yield a high diglycerin concentration [8].

Efficacy and Function

Diglycerin functions primarily as a humectant in cosmetic formulations [9]. It attracts moisture from the air and helps to retain it within the skin's surface layers [10]. This helps to maintain skin hydration, which can improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of dryness [11]. Compared to glycerin, diglycerin has a higher molecular weight, that results in reduced tackiness and improved skin feel [12]. Moreover, diglycerin can contribute to the stability and texture of cosmetic products [13].

Application Scenarios

Diglycerin is used in a wide range of cosmetic and personal care products [14]. These include skin lotions, creams, serums, and facial masks, where it enhances hydration [15]. It is also found in hair care products such as conditioners and styling aids [16]. Its moisturizing properties can improve hair texture and reduce dryness of the scalp [17]. Diglycerin may be used in soaps and cleansers, to help offset the drying effects of surfactants [18].

Packaging and Transportation

Diglycerin is typically packaged in plastic drums or containers that prevent moisture contamination [19]. The containers should be tightly sealed to maintain product quality during storage and transportation [20]. It should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures [21]. Transportation should comply with relevant regulations for non-hazardous materials [22]. Proper labeling is necessary to ensure safe handling, and to provide instructions for storage [23].

Citations

[1] Budavari, S., ed. (1989). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 11th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc.

[2] Johnson, K. (2017). Glycerin and Glyceryl Derivatives in Cosmetics. Cosmetics, 4(4), 37.

[3] Lodén, M., & Wessman, W. (2001). The influence of a cream containing 20% glycerin and its vehicle on skin barrier properties. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 23(2), 115-119.

[4] Fluhr, J. W., Deters, A., Angermann, J., Bölke, E., Steinkraus, V., & Berardesca, E. (2008). Glycerol and the skin: holistic approach to its origin, effects, and clinical implications. British Journal of Dermatology, 159(1), 23-34.

[5] Musser, M. T. (2005). Glycerol. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.

[6] Chiou, B. S., Zullaikah, S., & Ju, Y. H. (2015). Production of polyglycerol from glycerol using solid acid catalysts. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 47, 166-172.

[7]ীতেs, M., Onwudili, J. A., & Williams, P. T. (2011). Influence of catalyst on the thermochemical conversion of glycerol to synthesis gas. Energy & Fuels, 25(10), 4547-4556.

[8] Carraher Jr, C. E. (2017). Polyethers. Springer.

[9] Araviiskaia, E., & Dréno, B. (2007). The role of topical dermocosmetics in acne treatment. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 21(SUPPL. 2), 72-76.

[10] Proksch, E., Nissen, H. P., Bremgartner, M., & Urquhart, C. (2006). Glycerol enhances stratum corneum hydration in vivo and accelerates barrier repair. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 126(4), 759-766.

[11] Darmstadt, G. L., Mao-Qiang, M., Chi, E., Saha, S. K., Ziboh, V. A., Black, R. E., & Elias, P. M. (2002). Impact of topical oils on the skin barrier: Possible implications for neonatal health in developing countries. Acta Paediatrica, 91(5), 546-554.

[12] Becker, L. C., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., … & Heldreth, B. (2019). Safety Assessment of Polyglyceryl Polymers as Used in Cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 38(3_suppl), 22S-47S.

[13] Löffler, M., & Riechers, R. (2014). Glycerol–a much more versatile building block than anticipated. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 116(12), 1243-1253.

[14] Draelos, Z. D. (2018). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

[15] Wohlrab, J., & Kreft, D. (2014). NMF components—physiological role and therapeutic use for skin diseases. Journal of the German Society of Dermatology, 12(9), 735-742.

[16] Gavazzoni Dias, M. F. R. (2015). Hair cosmetics: an overview. International Journal of Trichology, 7(1), 2.

[17] Syed, A. A., Khan, N., & Ahmad, A. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of herbal shampoo. Pharmacognosy Journal, 8(5), 461-467.

[18] Radošević, K., Gverović-Krečak, V., Zovko, M., & Zdraveva, N. (2016). Influence of moisturizers on the skin irritation potential of soap. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 38(6), 614-620.

[19] European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC). (2019). Guidance for Safe Handling and Storage of Chemicals.

[20] United Nations. (2019). Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods – Model Regulations. 21st revised edition.

[21] The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2007). Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

[22] International Air Transport Association (IATA). (2020). Dangerous Goods Regulations.

[23] Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2012). Hazard Communication Standard. 29 CFR 1910.1200.

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